Online dictionary of history and traditions in Japan: treaty

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Kanagawa treaty

日米和親条約神奈川条約
alternative words: Treaty of Kanagawa, Yokohama treaty, Treaty of Yokohama, Nichibei washin joyaku
keywords: treaty
related topics: Commodore Perry , Edo shogunate , Sakoku , Tokugawa Yoshinobu
related web sites: http://www.ne.jp/asahi/tokyo/tanken/nihon.rekisi.kaikoku.nitibeiwasin.htm , http://www.hikyaku.com/gallery/english/yokoham.htm
explanation: Treaty signed between US Commodore Perry and Roju Abe Masahiro of Edo shogunate in March 1854 at Kanagawa near Tokyo. It forced Japan to give up 200 year old national seclusion policy (Sakoku). The main provisions are the opening of 2 harbors, Hakodate and Shimoda, for American ships and an establishment of US consulate in the latter town. Kanagawa being now completely absorbed by Yokoham City, you can call it "Treaty of Yokohama".

Portsmouth treaty

ポーツマス条約日露講和条約
alternative words: Treaty of Portsmouth, Nichiro kowa joyaku
keywords: northern territory , russia , treaty
related topics: Russo-Japanese war , Sakhalin island
related web sites: http://www.aba.ne.jp/~sugita/21j.htm
explanation: Treaty concluded between Japanese plenipotentiary, Komura Jutaro and Russian counter part Sergei Witte in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905 after Russo-Japanese war. It stipulates that Russia should cede southern Sakhalin, Liaotung peninsula with port Arthur and southern Manchuria railroads to Japan, and recognize Japanese preponderance on Korea. Komura, unable to get an indemnity from Russia, it provoked a great number of manifestations all over Japan.

Saint Petersburg treaty

千島樺太交換条約
alternative words: Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Kuril Sakhalin exchange treaty, Treaty of Kuril Sakhalin exchange, Chishima karafuto kokan joyaku
keywords: northern territory , treaty
related topics: Shimoda treaty , Enomoto Takeaki , Sakhalin island
related web sites: http://list.room.ne.jp/~lawtext/1875Karafuto-Chishima.html
explanation: After the treaty of Shimoda, Sakhalin remained undelimited and this provoked repeated incidents between Russian and Japanese colons. In order to make up this situation, Japanese government sent an ambassador plenipotentiary, Enomoto Takeaki, to Saint Petersburg to settle a definitive frontier. The treaty, concluded in 1875 between 2 countries, stipulates that Japan gave up all the right on Sakhalin island and in exchange they recuperate all the Kuril islands up to Kamchatka peninsula.

Shimoda treaty

下田条約
alternative words: Treaty of Shimoda, Russo-Japanese friendship treaty, Nichiro washin joyaku
keywords: northern territory , treaty
related topics: Putiatin , Edo shogunate , Kanagawa treaty , Bugyo , Sakhalin island
explanation: After Kanagawa treaty with USA in 1854, this one was concluded between Russian Admiral Putiatin and Japanese Kanjo bugyo, Kawaji Toshiakira at Shimoda city in February 1855. It stipulates that henceforth the frontier between 2 countries should pass Etorofu and Uruppu islands in Kuril while Sakhalin remains a common possession. Another provision of the treaty expects the opening of 3 harbors, Nagasaki, Shimoda and Hakodate, to supply waters and firewood to Russian ships.

Shimonoseki treaty

下関条約
alternative words: Treaty of Shimonoseki
keywords: china , treaty
related topics: Sino-Japanese war , Mutsu Munemitsu
explanation: Treaty concluded between Japanese plenipotentiary, Mutsu Minemitsu and Chinese counter part Li Hung-chang at Shimonoseki city in 1895 after Sino-Japanese war. It stipulates that China should cede Taiwan and Liaotung peninsula to Japan, recognize the independence of Korea and pay a huge indemnity. Immediately after the signature, Japan had to give up Liaotung peninsula because of a diplomatic pressure from Russia, Germany and France (tripartite intervention).
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